Ethereum 2.0The Technical Depth of – University of TokyoBlock chainLearn from the course
1.First of all
In the world of blockchain technology,Ethereumhas always been at the forefront of innovation. Since the major update "The Merge" in September 2022, Ethereum has entered a new phase, the so-called Ethereum 2.0 era. In this blog, we will introduce the University of Tokyo BlockchainInnovationBased on the valuable materials from the endowed course, we will explore the technical aspects of Ethereum 2.0.
mereVirtual currencyWe will provide a detailed and easy-to-understand explanation of the latest developments in Ethereum, which has evolved beyond its original framework into a platform for decentralized applications (DApps).
2. Ethereum 2.0 Architecture
The biggest feature of Ethereum 2.0 is its innovative architecture. It has evolved significantly from the conventional Ethereum.Execution LayerとConsensus LayerIt was separated into two layers.
The Execution Layer is responsible for transaction execution and state management, and inherits many of the functions of traditional Ethereum. On the other hand, the Consensus Layer is a newly introduced layer that is responsible for block consensus formation. This separation is expected to improve scalability in the future.
Furthermore, Proof of Stake (PoS) The implementation of the system has resulted in significant improvements in energy efficiency, which not only reduces the burden on the environment but also allows many more participants to be involved in running the network.
3. How Validators Work
The heart of Ethereum 2.0 isValidator SystemValidators play a vital role in keeping the network secure and efficient.
To become a validator,32ETHTheStakingEach validator must deposit their own funds as collateral.Validator Signing KeyとWithdrawal KeyThese keys provide a balance between security and flexibility.
The main role of a validator is to propose and validate blocks. They are rewarded for doing so correctly, but there are strict penalties for misbehavior.
4. Block Creation and Consensus Mechanism
In Ethereum 2.0,The concept of timeis very important.Slot"When"Epoch" time units.
A slot is a time unit of 12 seconds, and one block is generated in each slot. 1 slots (approximately 32 minutes) constitute one epoch.
consensusalgorithmfor"Gasper Protocol" has been adopted. This isLMD GHOST(Latest Message Driven Greedy Heaviest Observed Sub-Tree)Casper FFG(Friendly Finality Gadget).
LMD GHOST is responsible for the fork selection within each epoch, and Casper FFG is responsible for establishing long-term finality across epochs. This combination enables fast and secure block finalization.
5. State Management and Data Structures
In Ethereum 2.0, state data is managed by both the Execution Layer and the Consensus Layer.
The Execution Layer manages account balances andsmart contractThe consensus layer manages the state of the validators and other consensus-related data.
These state data areMerkle Patricia TreeThis structure makes it possible to store large amounts of data efficiently and verify them quickly.
6. Reward and Penalty System
In order to maintain the health of Ethereum 2.0,Reward and punishment systemis very important.
Validators are rewarded for proposing blocks and voting correctly, but there are also strict penalties for any actions that threaten the security of the network.
For particularly serious violations,slashingThis creates an incentive for validators to do the right thing, increasing the trustworthiness of the network as a whole.
7. Layer 2 Integration and Dencun Updates
Ethereum 2.0 aims to further improve scalability.Layer 2 SolutionsWe are strengthening our integration with
latestDencun UpdateThen,blobA dedicated data area called "Layer 2" has been introduced, which allows for more efficient handling of Layer XNUMX data.
Also, data availability (Data Availability) and futureDankshardingPreparations are also underway for the implementation of . These efforts are expected to dramatically improve the processing power and scalability of Ethereum.
8. Conclusion
Ethereum 2.0 isBitcoin We boldly expand the concept of protocol and create a trulyWorld Computer" Its technical complexity can sometimes be difficult to understand, but at the same time it opens up new possibilities for distributed systems.
The evolution of Ethereum 2.0 will be a crucial step in shaping the future of blockchain technology. For technologists, researchers, and anyone interested in crypto assets, following the developments in Ethereum 2.0 will be a valuable opportunity to get a glimpse into the future of decentralized systems.
The contents of this blog are based on materials from the University of Tokyo Blockchain Innovation Endowed Chair. For more detailed information and the latest trends, we recommend that you refer to official Ethereum documents and related academic papers. The world of Ethereum 2.0 continues to evolve day by day, so it is important to always keep up with the latest information.
The contents of this article are based on materials from the Blockchain Innovation Endowed Chair offered by the University of Tokyo. Such academic endeavors are crucial for deepening understanding of blockchain technology and creating new innovations.EthereumIt will be necessary to continue paying close attention to the evolution of technology and the expansion of its applications.
Development information
- Official website
- ethereum.org - Ethereum official website
- Developer documentation
- Ethereum Developer Resources - Developer documentation
Blockchain Explorer
- Etherscan
- Etherscan - Ethereum Blockchain Explorer
Community
- Reddit
- r/ethereum - Ethereum Reddit Community
- Twitter
- Ethereum (@ethereum) – Ethereum official Twitter account
Related articles (Blockchain Open Lecture Series):
- DApps Economic Design
- Web3 Development Course
- Simple DAO construction
- Smart Contract Lecture Commentary
- Ethereum 2.0 Technical Explained